The influence of psychological factors on breast milk production among breastfeeding mother
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Jun 3, 2025
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Abstract
Breast milk production is a physiological process strongly influenced by maternal psychological conditions such as stress, anxiety, emotional exhaustion, and sleep quality. Psychological disturbances have been shown to interfere with hormonal reflexes essential for lactation—particularly oxytocin and prolactin—thereby affecting both the smoothness and volume of milk production. This study employs a systematic review method to analyze scientific articles published between 2013 and 2024 in both Indonesian and English, focusing on the psychological factors affecting breastfeeding. Articles were sourced from Google Scholar and PubMed, screened using defined inclusion criteria, and analyzed descriptively. The findings indicate that most studies report a significant negative correlation between stress, anxiety, and breast milk production, especially during the early postpartum period. However, some studies report inconsistent results, likely due to moderating factors such as social support, prior breastfeeding experience, employment status, and maternal coping mechanisms. In addition, sleep quality, breastfeeding behavior, and physical comfort also contribute to breastfeeding success. These results highlight the need for a holistic approach in maternal health services, including psychosocial interventions, behavioral education, and support from family and workplaces, to address psychological barriers that hinder successful breastfeeding.
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How to Cite
Lajuna, L. and Sriyanti, C. (2025) “The influence of psychological factors on breast milk production among breastfeeding mother”, Science Midwifery, 13(2), pp. 454-463. doi: 10.35335/midwifery.v13i2.1934.
References
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Billings, H., Horsman, J., Soltani, H., & Spencer, R. L. (2024). Breastfeeding experiences of women with perinatal mental health problems: a systematic review and thematic synthesis. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 24(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1186/S12884-024-06735-1/TABLES/4
Bue, M. C. L., & Priebe, J. (2018). Revisiting the socioeconomic determinants of exclusive breastfeeding practices: evidence from Eastern Indonesia. Oxford Development Studies, 46(3), 398–410. https://doi.org/10.1080/13600818.2017.1397620
Daima Ulfa, Z., Setyaningsih, Y., Palangka Raya, U., Studi Jasmani, P., dan Rekreasi Jl Kartini, K., Raya, P., Tengah, K., Tayu, P. I., Jl Sudirman No, P. P., & Tengah, J. (2020). Tingkat Stres Ibu Menyusui dan Pemberian Asi pada Bulan Pertama. Jurnal Litbang: Media Informasi Penelitian, Pengembangan Dan IPTEK, 16(1), 15–28. https://doi.org/10.33658/JL.V16I1.145
Deif, R., Burch, E. M., Azar, J., Yonis, N., Abou Gabal, M., El Kramani, N., & DakhlAllah, D. (2021). Dysphoric Milk Ejection Reflex: The Psychoneurobiology of the Breastfeeding Experience. Frontiers in Global Women’s Health, 2, 669826. https://doi.org/10.3389/FGWH.2021.669826/BIBTEX
Dewi, A. D. C. (2019). FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI KELANCARAN PRODUKSI ASI. Jurnal ’Aisyiyah Medika, 4(0). https://doi.org/10.36729/JAM.V4I1.230
Fatimah, S., Febriyana, N., & Dwilda, E. (2024). Hubungan antara Tingkat Stress pada Ibu Menyusui dengan Kelancaran Produksi ASI. Malahayati Nursing Journal, 6(10), 3989–3996. https://doi.org/10.33024/MNJ.V6I10.13835
Flaherman, V. J., Chan, S., Desai, R., Agung, F. H., Hartati, H., & Yelda, F. (2018). Barriers to exclusive breast-feeding in Indonesian hospitals: a qualitative study of early infant feeding practices. Public Health Nutrition, 21(14), 2689–2697. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980018001453
Giang, H. T. N., Duy, D. T. T., Vuong, N. L., Ngoc, N. T. T., Pham, T. T., Duc, N. T. M., Le, T. T. D., Nga, T. T. T., Hieu, L. T. M., Vi, N. T. T., Triet, B. M., Thach, N. T., Truc, T. T. B., & Huy, N. T. (2023). Prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months of an infant’s life and associated factors in a low–middle income country. International Breastfeeding Journal, 18(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1186/S13006-023-00585-X/TABLES/2
Kamariyah, N. (2014). KONDISI PSIKOLOGI MEMPENGARUHI PRODUKSI ASI IBU MENYUSUI DI BPS ASKI PAKIS SIDO KUMPUL SURABAYA. Journal of Health Sciences, 7(1). https://doi.org/10.33086/JHS.V7I1.483
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Liliana, A., & Syafitri, E. N. (2022). TINGKAT STRES DENGAN KECUKUPAN PEMBERIAN ASI PADA IBU MENYUSUI DI RUMAH SAKIT SAKINA IDAMAN YOGYAKARTA. Jurnal Ilmu Keperawatan Maternitas, 5(2), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.32584/JIKM.V5I2.1772
Mangasaryan, N., Martin, L., Brownlee, A., Ogunlade, A., Rudert, C., & Cai, X. (2012). Breastfeeding Promotion, Support and Protection: Review of Six Country Programmes. Nutrients 2012, Vol. 4, Pages 990-1014, 4(8), 990–1014. https://doi.org/10.3390/NU4080990
Mukherjee, J., Das, P. K., & Banerjee, D. (2023). Lactation Physiology. Textbook of Veterinary Physiology, 639–674. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-9410-4_25
Napolitano, F., Braghieri, A., Bragaglio, A., Rodríguez-González, D., Mora-Medina, P., Ghezzi, M. D., Álvarez-Macías, A., Lendez, P. A., Sabia, E., Domínguez-Oliva, A., Jacome-Romero, J., & Mota-Rojas, D. (2022). Neurophysiology of Milk Ejection and Prestimulation in Dairy Buffaloes. Animals 2022, Vol. 12, Page 2649, 12(19), 2649. https://doi.org/10.3390/ANI12192649
Nguyen, T. T., Weissman, A., Cashin, J., Ha, T. T., Zambrano, P., & Mathisen, R. (2020). Assessing the Effectiveness of Policies Relating to Breastfeeding Promotion, Protection, and Support in Southeast Asia: Protocol for a Mixed Methods Study. JMIR Research Protocols, 9(9), e21286. https://doi.org/10.2196/21286
Pereira-Kotze, C., Zambrano, P., Nguyen, T. T., Datu-Sanguyo, J., Vu, D., Ching, C., Cashin, J., & Mathisen, R. (2025). Evidence-Based Lessons from Policy Implementation Research in Two Countries Achieving Progress on Global Breastfeeding Targets: Recommendations from the Philippines and Viet Nam. Healthcare 2025, Vol. 13, Page 544, 13(5), 544. https://doi.org/10.3390/HEALTHCARE13050544
Puspitasari, I., Nurul Khoirunnisa’, F., Wigati, A., Muna, N., Profesi, D. P., Universitas, K., & Kudus, M. (2024). Faktor-Faktor Yang Mempengaruhi Produksi ASI Pada Ibu Nifas di RSI PKU Muhammadiyah Tegal. Jurnal Bidan Mandira Cendikia, 3(2), 9–20. https://doi.org/10.70570/JBMC.V3I2.1545
Qurniyawati, E., & Syahrul, F. (2022). CORRELATION STUDY COVERAGE OF EXCLUSIVE BREASTFEEDING AND RISK FACTORS IN INDONESIA. http://localhost:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/4177
Rosaria, R., Flora, R., Zulkarnain, M., Januar Sitorus, R., Hasyim, H., Alam Fajar, N., Ermi, N., Biancika Jasmine, A., Slamet, S., Purnama, Y., Sulung, N., Magister Ilmu Kesehatan Masyarakat, P., Kesehatan Masyarakat, F., Sriwijaya, U., Ilmu Kesehatan Masyarakat, P., Kedokteran, F., Kesehatan Lingkungan, P., Doktoral Ilmu Kesehatan Masyarakat, P., Airlangga, U., … Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam, F. (2023). PENGARUH STRES PSIKOLOGIS TERHADAP KADAR KORTISOL ASI PADA IBU MENYUSUI DI KABUPATEN SELUMA. Mitra Raflesia (Journal of Health Science), 15(2), 66–72. https://doi.org/10.51712/MITRARAFLESIA.V15I2.301
Saharoy, R., Potdukhe, A., Wanjari, M., & Taksande, A. B. (2023). Postpartum Depression and Maternal Care: Exploring the Complex Effects on Mothers and Infants. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.41381
Widiastuti, M., Rompas, S. S., Bataha, Y. B., Studi, P., Keperawatan, I., & Kedokteran, F. (2017). Analisis Faktor-Faktor Yang Berhubungan Dengan Produksi Asi Pada Ibu Postpartum Di Puskesmas Ranotana Weru. Jurnal Keperawatan, 5(2), 1. https://doi.org/10.35790/JKP.V5I2.16842
Yulita, N., Juwita, S., & Febriani, A. (2020). Perilaku Ibu Nifas Dalam Meningkatkan Produksi ASI. Oksitosin: Jurnal Ilmiah Kebidanan, 7(1), 53–61. https://doi.org/10.35316/OKSITOSIN.V7I1.619
Yunita Nugrahini, E., Kasiati, K., Islamiah, A., Kebidanan, J., Kesehatan Kemenkes Surabaya, P., & Naskah, G. (2023). Hubungan Tingkat Kecemasan Dengan Produksi Asi Pada Ibu Nifas Di Tpmb Yuni Hermanto Bangkalan. Journal of Midwifery Science and Women’s Health, 4(1), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.36082/JMSWH.V4I1.1104
Agustina, F., Efrianty, N., Citra Tri Sartika, R., & Darussalam, H. (2023). ANALISA KUALITAS TIDUR DAN TINGKAT STRES TERHADAP PRODUKSI ASI IBU MENYUSUI. Coping: Community of Publishing in Nursing, 11(3), 141. https://doi.org/10.24843/COPING.2023.V11.I03.P04
Agustina, R., Dartanto, T., Sitompul, R., Susiloretni, K. A., Suparmi, Achadi, E. L., Taher, A., Wirawan, F., Sungkar, S., Sudarmono, P., Shankar, A. H., Thabrany, H., Susiloretni, K. A., Soewondo, P., Ahmad, S. A., Kurniawan, M., Hidayat, B., Pardede, D., Mundiharno, … Khusun, H. (2019). Universal health coverage in Indonesia: concept, progress, and challenges. The Lancet, 393(10166), 75–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31647-7/ATTACHMENT/28E883BF-7B83-464E-9BBC-913286B0AF37/MMC1.PDF
Billings, H., Horsman, J., Soltani, H., & Spencer, R. L. (2024). Breastfeeding experiences of women with perinatal mental health problems: a systematic review and thematic synthesis. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 24(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1186/S12884-024-06735-1/TABLES/4
Bue, M. C. L., & Priebe, J. (2018). Revisiting the socioeconomic determinants of exclusive breastfeeding practices: evidence from Eastern Indonesia. Oxford Development Studies, 46(3), 398–410. https://doi.org/10.1080/13600818.2017.1397620
Daima Ulfa, Z., Setyaningsih, Y., Palangka Raya, U., Studi Jasmani, P., dan Rekreasi Jl Kartini, K., Raya, P., Tengah, K., Tayu, P. I., Jl Sudirman No, P. P., & Tengah, J. (2020). Tingkat Stres Ibu Menyusui dan Pemberian Asi pada Bulan Pertama. Jurnal Litbang: Media Informasi Penelitian, Pengembangan Dan IPTEK, 16(1), 15–28. https://doi.org/10.33658/JL.V16I1.145
Deif, R., Burch, E. M., Azar, J., Yonis, N., Abou Gabal, M., El Kramani, N., & DakhlAllah, D. (2021). Dysphoric Milk Ejection Reflex: The Psychoneurobiology of the Breastfeeding Experience. Frontiers in Global Women’s Health, 2, 669826. https://doi.org/10.3389/FGWH.2021.669826/BIBTEX
Dewi, A. D. C. (2019). FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI KELANCARAN PRODUKSI ASI. Jurnal ’Aisyiyah Medika, 4(0). https://doi.org/10.36729/JAM.V4I1.230
Fatimah, S., Febriyana, N., & Dwilda, E. (2024). Hubungan antara Tingkat Stress pada Ibu Menyusui dengan Kelancaran Produksi ASI. Malahayati Nursing Journal, 6(10), 3989–3996. https://doi.org/10.33024/MNJ.V6I10.13835
Flaherman, V. J., Chan, S., Desai, R., Agung, F. H., Hartati, H., & Yelda, F. (2018). Barriers to exclusive breast-feeding in Indonesian hospitals: a qualitative study of early infant feeding practices. Public Health Nutrition, 21(14), 2689–2697. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980018001453
Giang, H. T. N., Duy, D. T. T., Vuong, N. L., Ngoc, N. T. T., Pham, T. T., Duc, N. T. M., Le, T. T. D., Nga, T. T. T., Hieu, L. T. M., Vi, N. T. T., Triet, B. M., Thach, N. T., Truc, T. T. B., & Huy, N. T. (2023). Prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months of an infant’s life and associated factors in a low–middle income country. International Breastfeeding Journal, 18(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1186/S13006-023-00585-X/TABLES/2
Kamariyah, N. (2014). KONDISI PSIKOLOGI MEMPENGARUHI PRODUKSI ASI IBU MENYUSUI DI BPS ASKI PAKIS SIDO KUMPUL SURABAYA. Journal of Health Sciences, 7(1). https://doi.org/10.33086/JHS.V7I1.483
Ladiyah, L., Mulyanti, L., Nurjanah, S., Nur Damayanti, F., Studi, P. S., Ilmu Keperawatan dan Kesehatan, F., & Muhmmadiyah Semarang, U. (n.d.). ANALISIS FAKTOR FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI PRODUKSI ASI PADA IBU NIFAS DI RUANG IBU DAN ANAK RSU ISLAM HARAPAN ANDA TEGAL ANALYSIS OF FACTORS INFLUENCING BREAST MILK PRODUCTION IN POSTPARTUM MOTHERS IN THE MOTHER AND CHILD ROOM RSU ISLAM HARAPAN ANDA, TEGAL CITY. Seminar Nasional Kebidanan UNIMUS Semarang, 23.
Liliana, A., & Syafitri, E. N. (2022). TINGKAT STRES DENGAN KECUKUPAN PEMBERIAN ASI PADA IBU MENYUSUI DI RUMAH SAKIT SAKINA IDAMAN YOGYAKARTA. Jurnal Ilmu Keperawatan Maternitas, 5(2), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.32584/JIKM.V5I2.1772
Mangasaryan, N., Martin, L., Brownlee, A., Ogunlade, A., Rudert, C., & Cai, X. (2012). Breastfeeding Promotion, Support and Protection: Review of Six Country Programmes. Nutrients 2012, Vol. 4, Pages 990-1014, 4(8), 990–1014. https://doi.org/10.3390/NU4080990
Mukherjee, J., Das, P. K., & Banerjee, D. (2023). Lactation Physiology. Textbook of Veterinary Physiology, 639–674. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-9410-4_25
Napolitano, F., Braghieri, A., Bragaglio, A., Rodríguez-González, D., Mora-Medina, P., Ghezzi, M. D., Álvarez-Macías, A., Lendez, P. A., Sabia, E., Domínguez-Oliva, A., Jacome-Romero, J., & Mota-Rojas, D. (2022). Neurophysiology of Milk Ejection and Prestimulation in Dairy Buffaloes. Animals 2022, Vol. 12, Page 2649, 12(19), 2649. https://doi.org/10.3390/ANI12192649
Nguyen, T. T., Weissman, A., Cashin, J., Ha, T. T., Zambrano, P., & Mathisen, R. (2020). Assessing the Effectiveness of Policies Relating to Breastfeeding Promotion, Protection, and Support in Southeast Asia: Protocol for a Mixed Methods Study. JMIR Research Protocols, 9(9), e21286. https://doi.org/10.2196/21286
Pereira-Kotze, C., Zambrano, P., Nguyen, T. T., Datu-Sanguyo, J., Vu, D., Ching, C., Cashin, J., & Mathisen, R. (2025). Evidence-Based Lessons from Policy Implementation Research in Two Countries Achieving Progress on Global Breastfeeding Targets: Recommendations from the Philippines and Viet Nam. Healthcare 2025, Vol. 13, Page 544, 13(5), 544. https://doi.org/10.3390/HEALTHCARE13050544
Puspitasari, I., Nurul Khoirunnisa’, F., Wigati, A., Muna, N., Profesi, D. P., Universitas, K., & Kudus, M. (2024). Faktor-Faktor Yang Mempengaruhi Produksi ASI Pada Ibu Nifas di RSI PKU Muhammadiyah Tegal. Jurnal Bidan Mandira Cendikia, 3(2), 9–20. https://doi.org/10.70570/JBMC.V3I2.1545
Qurniyawati, E., & Syahrul, F. (2022). CORRELATION STUDY COVERAGE OF EXCLUSIVE BREASTFEEDING AND RISK FACTORS IN INDONESIA. http://localhost:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/4177
Rosaria, R., Flora, R., Zulkarnain, M., Januar Sitorus, R., Hasyim, H., Alam Fajar, N., Ermi, N., Biancika Jasmine, A., Slamet, S., Purnama, Y., Sulung, N., Magister Ilmu Kesehatan Masyarakat, P., Kesehatan Masyarakat, F., Sriwijaya, U., Ilmu Kesehatan Masyarakat, P., Kedokteran, F., Kesehatan Lingkungan, P., Doktoral Ilmu Kesehatan Masyarakat, P., Airlangga, U., … Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam, F. (2023). PENGARUH STRES PSIKOLOGIS TERHADAP KADAR KORTISOL ASI PADA IBU MENYUSUI DI KABUPATEN SELUMA. Mitra Raflesia (Journal of Health Science), 15(2), 66–72. https://doi.org/10.51712/MITRARAFLESIA.V15I2.301
Saharoy, R., Potdukhe, A., Wanjari, M., & Taksande, A. B. (2023). Postpartum Depression and Maternal Care: Exploring the Complex Effects on Mothers and Infants. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.41381
Widiastuti, M., Rompas, S. S., Bataha, Y. B., Studi, P., Keperawatan, I., & Kedokteran, F. (2017). Analisis Faktor-Faktor Yang Berhubungan Dengan Produksi Asi Pada Ibu Postpartum Di Puskesmas Ranotana Weru. Jurnal Keperawatan, 5(2), 1. https://doi.org/10.35790/JKP.V5I2.16842
Yulita, N., Juwita, S., & Febriani, A. (2020). Perilaku Ibu Nifas Dalam Meningkatkan Produksi ASI. Oksitosin: Jurnal Ilmiah Kebidanan, 7(1), 53–61. https://doi.org/10.35316/OKSITOSIN.V7I1.619
Yunita Nugrahini, E., Kasiati, K., Islamiah, A., Kebidanan, J., Kesehatan Kemenkes Surabaya, P., & Naskah, G. (2023). Hubungan Tingkat Kecemasan Dengan Produksi Asi Pada Ibu Nifas Di Tpmb Yuni Hermanto Bangkalan. Journal of Midwifery Science and Women’s Health, 4(1), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.36082/JMSWH.V4I1.1104