The proportion of postpartum depression and its association with mode of delivery and parity
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Feb 28, 2023
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Abstract
Postpartum depression is a severe mood problem that can harm postpartum women. Depression is three times more common in the postpartum period than at any other time in a woman's life. The prevalence of postpartum depression in the world ranges from 17.22% and 11.76% in Indonesia. Depression at the age of ≥15 years in West Sumatra (8.2%) and Padang (7.8%). Many factors can contribute to postpartum depression. This study aimed to determine the proportion of postpartum depression and its association with the mode of delivery and parity. This study was an Analytical survey with a Cross-sectional design at the Andalas Health Center from July to August 2022. The study population was all postpartum mothers (3-6 months), and the study sample was 134 with Proportional random sampling from each ward. Data had collected through interviews and assessment of postpartum depression using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale questionnaire by respondents. Data analysis used univariate and bivariate (Chi-square). The results describe that the proportion of postpartum depression at the Andalas Health Center was 36.6%. The results reported that the mode of delivery had no significant association with postpartum depression (p=0.812). Parity showed a statistically significant association with postpartum depression (p=0.016).
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How to Cite
Sinulingga, N. R., Amel Yanis and Fika Tri Anggraini (2023) “The proportion of postpartum depression and its association with mode of delivery and parity”, Science Midwifery, 10(6), pp. 4628-4635. doi: 10.35335/midwifery.v10i6.1093.
References
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Adeyemo, E. O., Oluwole, E. O., Kanma-Okafor, O. J., Izuka, O. M., & Odeyemi, K. A. (2020). Prevalence and predictors of postpartum depression among postnatal women in Lagos, Nigeria. African Health Sciences, 20(4), 1943–1954.
Apriliana, K. A., Maftuchah, & Nurhudhariani, R. (2016). Hubungan Pendidikan dan Paritas dengan Kejadian Kehamilan tidak Diinginkan pada Akseptor KB di PKBI As Sakinah Kabupaten Pemalang Tahun 2014. Jurnal SMART Kebidanan, 3(2), 36–45.
Chaaya, M., Campbell, O. M. R., Kak, F. El, Shaar, D., Harb, H., & Kaddour, A. (2006). Postpartum depression: prevalence and determinants in Lebanon. Archives of Women’s Mental Health, 5, 65–72.
Cox, J. L., Holden, J. M., & Sagovsky, R. (1987). Detection of Postnatal Depression: Development of the 10-item Edinburgh Postnatal Depression scale. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 150(6), 782–786.
Dinan, T. G. (1994). Glucocorticoids and the Genesis of Depressive Illness. A Psychobiological Model. British Journal of Psychiatry, 164(3), 365–371.
Dubey, A., Chatterjee, K., Chauhan, V. S., Sharma, R., & Adhvaryu, A. (2021). Risk factors of postpartum depression. Industrial Psychiatry Journal, 30(3), 127–131.
Eckerdal, P., Georgakis, M. K., Kollia, N., Wikström, A. K., Högberg, U., & Skalkidou, A. (2018). Delineating the association between mode of delivery and postpartum depression symptoms: a longitudinal study. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica, 97(3), 301–311.
Edwards, D. R. L., Porter, S. A. M., & Stein, G. S. (1994). A pilot study of postnatal depression following caesarean section using two retrospective self-rating instruments. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 38(2), 111–117.
Farías-Antúnez, S., Xavier, M. O., & Santos, I. S. (2018). Effect of maternal postpartum depression on offspring’s growth. Journal of Affective Disorders, 228(2018), 143–152.
Fatmawati, A., & Gartika, N. (2021). Hubungan Kondisi Psikososial dan Paritas dengan Kejadian Depresi Postpartum pada Ibu Remaja. Faletehan Health Journal, 8(1), 36–41.
Goker, A., Yanikkerem, E., Demet, M. M., Dikayak, S., Yildirim, Y., & Koyuncu, F. M. (2012). Postpartum Depression: Is Mode of Delivery a Risk Factor? ISRN Obstetrics and Gynecology, 2012(2012), 1–6.
Ilska, M., Banaś, E., Gregor, K., Brandt-Salmeri, A., Ilski, A., & Cnota, W. (2020). Vaginal delivery or caesarean section – Severity of early symptoms of postpartum depression and assessment of pain in Polish women in the early puerperium. Midwifery, 87(2020), 1–6.
Kendall-Tackett, K. A. (2017). Depression in New Mothers causes, consequences and treatment alternatives (3rd ed.). London: Taylor & Francis Group.
Khan, F. H., Alkwai, H. M., Alshammari, R. F., Alenazi, F., Alshammari, K. F., Sogeir, E. K. A., Batool, A., et al. (2022). Comparison of Fetomaternal Complications in Women of High Parity with Women of Low Parity among Saudi Women. Healthcare, 10(11), 2198.
Kim, Y., & Dee, V. (2018). Sociodemographic and Obstetric Factors Related to Symptoms of Postpartum Depression in Hispanic Women in Rural California. JOGNN - Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, and Neonatal Nursing, 47(1), 23–31.
Litbangkes. (2018). Laporan Provinsi Sumatera Barat RISKESDAS 2018. Jakarta: Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kesehatan.
Liu, S., Yan, Y., Gao, X., Xiang, S., Sha, T., Zeng, G., & He, Q. (2017). Risk factors for postpartum depression among Chinese women: Path model analysis. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 17(1), 1–7.
Liu, X., Wang, S., & Wang, G. (2022). Prevalence and Risk Factors of Postpartum in Women: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 31(19–20), 2665–2677.
Lonstein, J. S., Maguire, J., Meinlschmidt, G., & Neumann, I. D. (2017). Emotion and Mood Adaptations in the Peripartum Female: Complementary Contributions of GABA and Oxytocin. J Neuroendocrinol, 26(10), 649–664.
Loto, O. M., Adewuya, A. O., Ajenifuja, O. K., Orji, E. O., Ayandiran, E. O., Owolabi, A. T., & Ade-Ojo, I. P. (2010). Cesarean section in relation to self-esteem and parenting among new mothers in southwestern Nigeria. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica, 89(1), 35–38.
Manuaba, I. (2012). Ilmu Kebidanan, Penyakit Kandungan, dan KB. Jakarta: EGC.
Meky, H. K., Shaaban, M. M., Ahmed, M. R., & Mohammed, T. Y. (2020). Prevalence of postpartum depression regarding mode of delivery: a cross-sectional study. Journal of Maternal-Fetal and Neonatal Medicine, 33(19), 3300–3307.
Mottolese, R., Redout́e, J., Costes, N., Le Bars, D., & Sirigu, A. (2014). Switching brain serotonin with oxytocin. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 111(23), 8637–8642.
Nasri, Z., Wibowo, A., & Ghozali, E. W. (2017). Faktor Determinan Depresi Postpartum di Kabupaten Lombok Timur. Buletin Penelitian Sistem Kesehatan, 20(3), 89–95.
Norhayati, M. N., Nik Hazlina, N. H., Asrenee, A. R., & Wan Emilin, W. M. A. (2015). Magnitude and risk factors for postpartum symptoms: A literature review. Journal of Affective Disorders, 175, 34–52.
Nurbaeti, I., Deoisres, W., & Hengudomsub, P. (2019). Association between psychosocial factors and postpartum depression in South Jakarta, Indonesia. Sexual and Reproductive Healthcare, 20, 72–76.
Nurhayati, E. (2019). Patologi dan Fisiologi Persalinan: Distosia dan Konsep Dasar Persalinan. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Baru Press.
O’Hara, M. W., & Mc Cabe, J. E. (2013). Postpartum Depression: Current Status and Future Directions. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 9, 379–407.
Putriarsih, R., Budihastuti, U. R., & Murti, B. (2017). Prevalence and Determinants of Postpartum Depression in Sukoharjo District, Central Java. Journal of Maternal and Child Health, 03(1), 11–24.
Rauh, C., Beetz, A., Burger, P., Engel, A., Häberle, L., Fasching, P. A., Kornhuber, J., et al. (2012). Delivery mode and the course of pre- and postpartum depression. Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics, 286(6), 1407–1412.
Sadat, Z., Abedzadeh Kalahroudi, M., Kafaei Atrian, M., Karimian, Z., & Sooki, Z. (2014). The Impact of Postpartum Depression on Quality of Life in Women After Child’s Birth. Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal, 16(2), e14995.
Sapulette, A. D., Ayawaila, D. D., Guntur, N. C. P., Ingrit, B. L., & Tahapary, P. A. (2022). Gambaran Depresi Postpartum di Pusat Kesehatan Masyarakat Binong di Tanggerang. Jurnal Keperawatan, 14(3), 747–752.
Sha, T., Gao, X., Chen, C., Li, L., Cheng, G., Wu, X., Tian, Q., et al. (2019). A prospective study of maternal postnatal depressive symptoms with infant-feeding practices in a Chinese birth cohort. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 19, 1–9.
Siahaan, A., & Ariawan, I. (2021). The Effect of Parity on Neonatal Mortality in Indonesia. Jurnal Ilmu Kesehatan Masyarakat, 12(3), 250–262.
Slomian, J., Honvo, G., Emonts, P., Reginster, J. Y., & Bruyère, O. (2019). Consequences of maternal postpartum depression: A systematic review of maternal and infant outcomes. Women’s Health, 15, 1–55.
Soep. (2011). Penerapan Edinburgh Post-partum Depression Scale sebagai Alat Deteksi Risiko Depresi Nifas pada Primipara dan Multipara. Jurnal Keperawatan Indonesia, 14(2), 95–100.
Steegers, E. A. P., Fauser, B. C. J. M., Hidlers, C. W. V., Jaddoe, V. M. V., Massuger, L. F. A. G., van der Post, J. A. M., & Schoenmakers, S. (Eds.). (2019). Textbook of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. Houten: bohn stafleu van loghum.
Stewart, D. E., & Vigod, S. (2016). Postpartum Depression. The New England Journal of Medicine, 375(22), 2177–2186.
Sun, L., Wang, S., & Li, X. Q. (2021). Association between mode of delivery and postpartum depression: A systematic review and network meta-analysis. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 55(6), 588–601.
Sword, W., Kurtz Landy, C., Thabane, L., Watt, S., Krueger, P., Farine, D., & Fosterc, G. (2011). Is mode of delivery associated with postpartum depression at 6 weeks: A prospective cohort study. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 118(8), 966–977.
Tikmani, S. S., Soomro, T., & Tikmani, P. (2016). Prevalence and Determinants of Postpartum Depression in a Tertiary Care Hospital. Austin J Obstet Gynecol, 3(2), 1–5.
Wang, Z., Liu, J., Shuai, H., Cai, Z., Fu, X., Liu, Y., Xiao, X., et al. (2021). Mapping global prevalence of depression among postpartum women. Translational Psychiatry, 11(1), 1–13.
WHO. (2021). Depression. Retrieved November 11, 2021, from https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/depression
Wubetu, A. D., Engidaw, N. A., & Gizachew, K. D. (2020). Prevalence of postpartum depression and associated factors among postnatal care attendees in Debre Berhan, Ethiopia, 2018. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 20(1), 1–9.
Yasa, K. R., & Lesmana, C. B. J. (2019). Tingkat Depresi Postpartum Pada Ibu Menyusui Di Puskesmas Denpasar Timur I. Jurnal Medika Udayana, 8(12), 1–14.
Zanardo, V., Giliberti, L., Giliberti, E., Volpe, F., Straface, G., & Greco, P. (2018). The role of elective and emergency cesarean delivery in maternal postpartum anhedonia, anxiety, and depression. International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics, 143(3), 374–378.
Zhao, X. hu, & Zhang, Z. hua. (2020). Risk factors for postpartum depression: An evidence-based systematic review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 53, 102353.
Adeyemo, E. O., Oluwole, E. O., Kanma-Okafor, O. J., Izuka, O. M., & Odeyemi, K. A. (2020). Prevalence and predictors of postpartum depression among postnatal women in Lagos, Nigeria. African Health Sciences, 20(4), 1943–1954.
Apriliana, K. A., Maftuchah, & Nurhudhariani, R. (2016). Hubungan Pendidikan dan Paritas dengan Kejadian Kehamilan tidak Diinginkan pada Akseptor KB di PKBI As Sakinah Kabupaten Pemalang Tahun 2014. Jurnal SMART Kebidanan, 3(2), 36–45.
Chaaya, M., Campbell, O. M. R., Kak, F. El, Shaar, D., Harb, H., & Kaddour, A. (2006). Postpartum depression: prevalence and determinants in Lebanon. Archives of Women’s Mental Health, 5, 65–72.
Cox, J. L., Holden, J. M., & Sagovsky, R. (1987). Detection of Postnatal Depression: Development of the 10-item Edinburgh Postnatal Depression scale. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 150(6), 782–786.
Dinan, T. G. (1994). Glucocorticoids and the Genesis of Depressive Illness. A Psychobiological Model. British Journal of Psychiatry, 164(3), 365–371.
Dubey, A., Chatterjee, K., Chauhan, V. S., Sharma, R., & Adhvaryu, A. (2021). Risk factors of postpartum depression. Industrial Psychiatry Journal, 30(3), 127–131.
Eckerdal, P., Georgakis, M. K., Kollia, N., Wikström, A. K., Högberg, U., & Skalkidou, A. (2018). Delineating the association between mode of delivery and postpartum depression symptoms: a longitudinal study. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica, 97(3), 301–311.
Edwards, D. R. L., Porter, S. A. M., & Stein, G. S. (1994). A pilot study of postnatal depression following caesarean section using two retrospective self-rating instruments. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 38(2), 111–117.
Farías-Antúnez, S., Xavier, M. O., & Santos, I. S. (2018). Effect of maternal postpartum depression on offspring’s growth. Journal of Affective Disorders, 228(2018), 143–152.
Fatmawati, A., & Gartika, N. (2021). Hubungan Kondisi Psikososial dan Paritas dengan Kejadian Depresi Postpartum pada Ibu Remaja. Faletehan Health Journal, 8(1), 36–41.
Goker, A., Yanikkerem, E., Demet, M. M., Dikayak, S., Yildirim, Y., & Koyuncu, F. M. (2012). Postpartum Depression: Is Mode of Delivery a Risk Factor? ISRN Obstetrics and Gynecology, 2012(2012), 1–6.
Ilska, M., Banaś, E., Gregor, K., Brandt-Salmeri, A., Ilski, A., & Cnota, W. (2020). Vaginal delivery or caesarean section – Severity of early symptoms of postpartum depression and assessment of pain in Polish women in the early puerperium. Midwifery, 87(2020), 1–6.
Kendall-Tackett, K. A. (2017). Depression in New Mothers causes, consequences and treatment alternatives (3rd ed.). London: Taylor & Francis Group.
Khan, F. H., Alkwai, H. M., Alshammari, R. F., Alenazi, F., Alshammari, K. F., Sogeir, E. K. A., Batool, A., et al. (2022). Comparison of Fetomaternal Complications in Women of High Parity with Women of Low Parity among Saudi Women. Healthcare, 10(11), 2198.
Kim, Y., & Dee, V. (2018). Sociodemographic and Obstetric Factors Related to Symptoms of Postpartum Depression in Hispanic Women in Rural California. JOGNN - Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, and Neonatal Nursing, 47(1), 23–31.
Litbangkes. (2018). Laporan Provinsi Sumatera Barat RISKESDAS 2018. Jakarta: Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kesehatan.
Liu, S., Yan, Y., Gao, X., Xiang, S., Sha, T., Zeng, G., & He, Q. (2017). Risk factors for postpartum depression among Chinese women: Path model analysis. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 17(1), 1–7.
Liu, X., Wang, S., & Wang, G. (2022). Prevalence and Risk Factors of Postpartum in Women: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 31(19–20), 2665–2677.
Lonstein, J. S., Maguire, J., Meinlschmidt, G., & Neumann, I. D. (2017). Emotion and Mood Adaptations in the Peripartum Female: Complementary Contributions of GABA and Oxytocin. J Neuroendocrinol, 26(10), 649–664.
Loto, O. M., Adewuya, A. O., Ajenifuja, O. K., Orji, E. O., Ayandiran, E. O., Owolabi, A. T., & Ade-Ojo, I. P. (2010). Cesarean section in relation to self-esteem and parenting among new mothers in southwestern Nigeria. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica, 89(1), 35–38.
Manuaba, I. (2012). Ilmu Kebidanan, Penyakit Kandungan, dan KB. Jakarta: EGC.
Meky, H. K., Shaaban, M. M., Ahmed, M. R., & Mohammed, T. Y. (2020). Prevalence of postpartum depression regarding mode of delivery: a cross-sectional study. Journal of Maternal-Fetal and Neonatal Medicine, 33(19), 3300–3307.
Mottolese, R., Redout́e, J., Costes, N., Le Bars, D., & Sirigu, A. (2014). Switching brain serotonin with oxytocin. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 111(23), 8637–8642.
Nasri, Z., Wibowo, A., & Ghozali, E. W. (2017). Faktor Determinan Depresi Postpartum di Kabupaten Lombok Timur. Buletin Penelitian Sistem Kesehatan, 20(3), 89–95.
Norhayati, M. N., Nik Hazlina, N. H., Asrenee, A. R., & Wan Emilin, W. M. A. (2015). Magnitude and risk factors for postpartum symptoms: A literature review. Journal of Affective Disorders, 175, 34–52.
Nurbaeti, I., Deoisres, W., & Hengudomsub, P. (2019). Association between psychosocial factors and postpartum depression in South Jakarta, Indonesia. Sexual and Reproductive Healthcare, 20, 72–76.
Nurhayati, E. (2019). Patologi dan Fisiologi Persalinan: Distosia dan Konsep Dasar Persalinan. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Baru Press.
O’Hara, M. W., & Mc Cabe, J. E. (2013). Postpartum Depression: Current Status and Future Directions. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 9, 379–407.
Putriarsih, R., Budihastuti, U. R., & Murti, B. (2017). Prevalence and Determinants of Postpartum Depression in Sukoharjo District, Central Java. Journal of Maternal and Child Health, 03(1), 11–24.
Rauh, C., Beetz, A., Burger, P., Engel, A., Häberle, L., Fasching, P. A., Kornhuber, J., et al. (2012). Delivery mode and the course of pre- and postpartum depression. Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics, 286(6), 1407–1412.
Sadat, Z., Abedzadeh Kalahroudi, M., Kafaei Atrian, M., Karimian, Z., & Sooki, Z. (2014). The Impact of Postpartum Depression on Quality of Life in Women After Child’s Birth. Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal, 16(2), e14995.
Sapulette, A. D., Ayawaila, D. D., Guntur, N. C. P., Ingrit, B. L., & Tahapary, P. A. (2022). Gambaran Depresi Postpartum di Pusat Kesehatan Masyarakat Binong di Tanggerang. Jurnal Keperawatan, 14(3), 747–752.
Sha, T., Gao, X., Chen, C., Li, L., Cheng, G., Wu, X., Tian, Q., et al. (2019). A prospective study of maternal postnatal depressive symptoms with infant-feeding practices in a Chinese birth cohort. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 19, 1–9.
Siahaan, A., & Ariawan, I. (2021). The Effect of Parity on Neonatal Mortality in Indonesia. Jurnal Ilmu Kesehatan Masyarakat, 12(3), 250–262.
Slomian, J., Honvo, G., Emonts, P., Reginster, J. Y., & Bruyère, O. (2019). Consequences of maternal postpartum depression: A systematic review of maternal and infant outcomes. Women’s Health, 15, 1–55.
Soep. (2011). Penerapan Edinburgh Post-partum Depression Scale sebagai Alat Deteksi Risiko Depresi Nifas pada Primipara dan Multipara. Jurnal Keperawatan Indonesia, 14(2), 95–100.
Steegers, E. A. P., Fauser, B. C. J. M., Hidlers, C. W. V., Jaddoe, V. M. V., Massuger, L. F. A. G., van der Post, J. A. M., & Schoenmakers, S. (Eds.). (2019). Textbook of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. Houten: bohn stafleu van loghum.
Stewart, D. E., & Vigod, S. (2016). Postpartum Depression. The New England Journal of Medicine, 375(22), 2177–2186.
Sun, L., Wang, S., & Li, X. Q. (2021). Association between mode of delivery and postpartum depression: A systematic review and network meta-analysis. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 55(6), 588–601.
Sword, W., Kurtz Landy, C., Thabane, L., Watt, S., Krueger, P., Farine, D., & Fosterc, G. (2011). Is mode of delivery associated with postpartum depression at 6 weeks: A prospective cohort study. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 118(8), 966–977.
Tikmani, S. S., Soomro, T., & Tikmani, P. (2016). Prevalence and Determinants of Postpartum Depression in a Tertiary Care Hospital. Austin J Obstet Gynecol, 3(2), 1–5.
Wang, Z., Liu, J., Shuai, H., Cai, Z., Fu, X., Liu, Y., Xiao, X., et al. (2021). Mapping global prevalence of depression among postpartum women. Translational Psychiatry, 11(1), 1–13.
WHO. (2021). Depression. Retrieved November 11, 2021, from https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/depression
Wubetu, A. D., Engidaw, N. A., & Gizachew, K. D. (2020). Prevalence of postpartum depression and associated factors among postnatal care attendees in Debre Berhan, Ethiopia, 2018. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 20(1), 1–9.
Yasa, K. R., & Lesmana, C. B. J. (2019). Tingkat Depresi Postpartum Pada Ibu Menyusui Di Puskesmas Denpasar Timur I. Jurnal Medika Udayana, 8(12), 1–14.
Zanardo, V., Giliberti, L., Giliberti, E., Volpe, F., Straface, G., & Greco, P. (2018). The role of elective and emergency cesarean delivery in maternal postpartum anhedonia, anxiety, and depression. International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics, 143(3), 374–378.
Zhao, X. hu, & Zhang, Z. hua. (2020). Risk factors for postpartum depression: An evidence-based systematic review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 53, 102353.