Hybrid mediator panel: A legal pluralism framework for resolving medical disputes under the Indonesian health law
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.35335/midwifery.v14i1.2319Keywords:
Health Law, Legal Pluralism, Medical Disputes, Pluralistic Model, Restorative JusticeAbstract
Background The transformation of medical-legal relationships from a paternalistic to a contractual model in Indonesia has triggered complex disputes that conventional, legalistic mechanisms often fail to resolve fairly. While Law No. 17 of 2023 mandates non-litigation resolution, the current mediation framework remains trapped in a state-centric paradigm that marginalizes professional ethics and social norms. Research Gap A critical research gap exists in the prevailing legal monism approach, which creates a "justice gap" by failing to synchronize the disciplinary reviews of Article 308 with criminal judicial processes, thereby leaving healthcare workers vulnerable to criminalization and patients without substantive restoration. Method This study employs a normative-prescriptive research method with a qualitative-synthetic conceptual development design to reconstruct the mediation function. Findings The findings introduce a "Hybrid Mediator Panel" and a "Multi-Layered Screening" mechanism as a functional reconfiguration of Article 310 of Law No. 17 of 2023. This model integrates state law, professional ethics (deontological), and living law (deliberation) into a single convergent system to ensure that settlement agreements are not only legally enforceable but also sociologically valid. Contribution This study provides a strategic blueprint for the Indonesian government to implement restorative justice in health law, ensuring legal certainty for medical professionals while simultaneously achieving holistic justice and therapeutic recovery for patients.
Downloads
References
Andi, E. N. J., Mulyad, A. T., Zegovia, P., Nurul, W. Y. B., & Rudini, H. R. (2022). Perlindungan Hukum Profesi Dokter Dalam Menghadapi Sengketa Medis. Jurnal Komunitas Yustisia, 5(2), 679–690. https://doi.org/10.23887/jatayu.v5i2.51747
Anggraeni, H. Y., Sagita, P. I., Yusmana, F. V, Reza, M., Sehafudin, S., & Johan, W. (2025). Penerapan ADR dan Potensi Arbitrase dalam Penyelesaian Sengketa Medis di Indonesia. AKADEMIK: Jurnal Mahasiswa Humanis, 5(1), 500–514. https://doi.org/10.37481/jmh.v5i1.1267
Chen, W.-T., Huang, Y.-Y., Chen, W.-W., Liu, Y.-P., Shih, C.-L., Shiao, Y.-C., & Wang, C.-C. (2022). Fostering guardians for frontline medical disputes: a government-led medical dispute mediator training program in Taiwan. BMC Health Services Research, 22(1), 1478. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-022-08909-z
Daud, K. R., Sagala, P., Sutarno, S., & Sutrisno, S. (2024). Analisis Yuridis Kekuatan Hukum Rekam Medis Elektronik Sebagai Alat Bukti Dalam Suatu Sengketa Medis. Jurnal Cahaya Mandalika, 3(3), 2648–2661. https://doi.org/10.36312/jcm.v3i3.3660
Ekawati, P. D., Ravena, D., & Susiarno, T. H. (2023). Implementasi Pendekatan Restoratif dalam Penyelesaian Sengketa Medis Perspektif Manfaat Hukum. Intellectual Law Review (ILRE), 1(1), 42–52. https://doi.org/10.59108/ilre.v1i1.23
Gunawan, J. S. (2024). Menyembuhkan Luka Ganda: Integrasi Restorative Justice Berbasis Hukum Adat untuk Sengketa Medis Indonesia. PT Kanisius.
Hafizah, H., & Fitriasih, S. (2022). Urgensi penyelesaian dugaan kesalahan medis melalui restorative justice. Jurnal Usm Law Review, 5(1), 205–223. https://doi.org/10.26623/julr.v5i1.4884
Handoko, V., Fadillah, M., Suryani, W., Afrieska, R., Yulianti, M. E. P., & Suryanti, R. (2026). Analisis Perlindungan Hukum Atas Sengketa Medik Hak Pasien di Rumah Sakit dengan Pendekatan Win-win solution. Jurnal Multidisiplin Dehasen (MUDE), 5(1), 621–624. https://doi.org/10.37676/mude.v5i1.9834
Hasibuan, M. I., Hasibuan, H., & Lubis, A. F. (2026). Implementasi Restorative Justice Dalam Penyelesaian Tindak Pidana Kelalaian Medik Di Tingkat Penyidikan. VitaMedica: Jurnal Rumpun Kesehatan Umum, 4(1), 53–63. https://doi.org/10.62027/vitamedica.v4i1.639
Hasmita, D., Ropii, I., & Putra, M. D. (2026). Legal Analysis of Female Circumcision in The Context of Legal Pluralism in Indonesia. AL-MANHAJ: Jurnal Hukum Dan Pranata Sosial Islam, 8(1), 105–114. https://doi.org/10.37680/almanhaj.v8i1.8550
Kurniawati, S., & Fahmi, F. (2023). Penyelesaian sengketa medis berdasarkan hukum Indonesia. INNOVATIVE: Journal Of Social Science Research, 3(2), 12234–12244. http://j-innovative.org/index.php/Innovative/article/view/1854
Kusmiati, N. I. (2025). Buku Monograf Sosiologi Hukum Bidang Kesehatan. Greenbook Publisher.
Laurent, T., Simeone, J., Kuwatsuru, R., Hirano, T., Graham, S., Wakabayashi, R., Phillips, R., & Isomura, T. (2022). Context and Considerations for Use of Two Japanese Real-World Databases in Japan: Medical Data Vision and Japanese Medical Data Center. Drugs - Real World Outcomes, 9(2), 175–187. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40801-022-00296-5
Miarsa, F. R. D., & Feliks, D. (2026). Restorative Justice Sebagai Alternatif Penyelesaian Sengketa Medis Di Puskesmas. Al-Zayn: Jurnal Ilmu Sosial & Hukum, 4(2), 4681–4702. https://doi.org/10.61104/alz.v4i2.4964
Partama, T. A., Witri, R., Bagus, I., Yatindra, T., & Dedi, M. (2025). Tanggung Jawab Hukum Pelaku Usaha Pelayanan Kesehatan Tradisional : Studi Systematic Literature Review dalam Perspektif UU No . 17 Tahun 2023. SEHATMAS (Jurnal IlmiahKesehatan Masyarakat), 4(3), 718–730. https://doi.org/10.55123/sehatmas.v4i3.5589
Pratama, G., & Elistia, E. (2020). Analisis Motivasi Kerja, terhadap kinerja karyawan dimediasi kepuasan kerja. Jurnal Ekonomi, 11(2), 144–152. https://jeconomics.esaunggul.ac.id/index.php/JECO/article/view/5
Purba, A. K., & Sidi, R. (2023). Perlindungan Hukum Terhadap Pasien Pengguna Pengobatan Akupunktur Menurut Uu No. 36 Tahun 2009 Dan Kemenkes NO. 1076/MENKES/SK/VII/2003. Jurnal Ners, 7(2 SE-Articles), 1084–1091. https://doi.org/10.31004/jn.v7i2.16177
Putri, F. F. (2023). Advantages and disadvantages of restorative justice approach in medical dispute resolution: Pendekatan keadilan restoratif dalam penyelesaian sengketa medis. Progressive Law Review, 5(02), 156–168. https://doi.org/10.36448/plr.v5i02.113
Putri, R. A., & Mannas, Y. A. (2023). Perlindungan Hukum Terhadap Perawat Dalam Pelaksanaan Pelimpahan Wewenang Pelayanan Kesehatan Berdasarkan Undang-Undang Nomor 17 Tahun 2023 Tentang Kesehatan (Studi Pada Rumah Sakit TK III Dr. Reksodiwiryo Padang). UNES Law Review, 6(2), 6739–6752. https://review-unes.com/index.php/law/article/view/1532
Riyanto, O. S. (2024). Dekonstruksi Pertanggungjawaban Hukum Dalam Sengketa Medis: Perspektif Restorative Justice Sebagai Paradigma Baru Perlindungan Ham Bagi Tenaga Medis. Juris Humanity: Jurnal Riset Dan Kajian Hukum Hak Asasi Manusia, 3(2), 78–89. https://doi.org/10.37631/jrkhm.v3i2.66
Rizal, M., & Ahzar, R. M. (2026). Restorative Justice dalam Penanganan Sengketa Medis Pasca Berlakunya KUHP Baru. Jurnal Hukum Perdata Dan Bisnis, 1(2), 46–52. https://ojs.pustakabangsaindonesia.com/index.php/jhpb/article/view/52
Rusdi, A. M., Salsabila, V. D., Tampubolon, B. H., & Pandiangan, E. A. (2025). Tinjauan Hukum dalam Menangani Kasus Sengketa Medis antara Tenaga Medis pada Sistem Peradilan. Journal of Comprehensive Science (JCS), 4(3), 1237. https://doi.org/10.59188/jcs.v4i3.3093
Saptandari, P. (2022). Buku Ajar Antropologi Pembangunan dalam Bingkai Pluralisme dan Feminisme. Airlangga University Press.
Seelos, C., Mair, J., & Traeger, C. (2023). The future of grand challenges research: Retiring a hopeful concept and endorsing research principles. International Journal of Management Reviews, 25(2), 251–269. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/ijmr.12324
Sijabat, H. H., & Widjaja, G. (2025). Pendekatan Hukum Kesehatan Yang Sensitif Budaya Dalam Membangun Kepercayaan Antara Pasien Dan Tenaga Medis Untuk Meningkatkan Efektivitas Pelayanan Dan Mengurangi Konflik Di Indonesia: Kajian Pustaka. Netizen: Journal Of Society And Bussiness, 1(11), 622–633. https://languar.net/index.php/NETIZEN/article/view/428
Siregar, R. A. (2025). Transformasi Penyelesaian Sengketa Medis: Sebuah Paradigma Baru dalam Hukum Kesehatan Indonesia. Jurnal Hukum Mimbar Justitia (JHMJ), 11(1), 52–64. https://doi.org/10.35194/jhmj.v11i1.5104
Sun, H. M., & Yusuf, H. (2024). Penyelesaian Sengketa Kelalaian Medik Melalui Mediasi dan Majelis Kehormatan Disiplin Kedokteran Indonesia (MKDKI). Jurnal Intelek Insan Cendikia, 1(9), 4958–4967. https://jicnusantara.com/index.php/jiic/article/view/1400
Widjaja, G. (2025). Peningkatan Efektivitas Penyelesaian Sengketa Medis Melalui Alternatif Non-Litigasi (Mediasi Dan Arbitrase) Pasca Penerapan Uu No. 17 Tahun 2023. Journal Of Community Dedication, 4(4), 95–105. http://felifa.net/index.php/JURCOMDED/article/view/43
Widjaja, G., & Harry, A. (2025). Paradigma Baru Penyelesaian Sengketa Medis Di Indonesia Pasca Uu Kesehatan 2023: Kajian Alternatif Dan Litigasi. Jurnal Kesehatan, 3(2), 233–243. https://wikep.net/index.php/JUKESAH/article/view/276
Wiguna, G. N. B. P., Pidada, I. G. S. P., & Basworo, W. (2025). Strategi antisipasi sengketa medis pada pelayanan di rumah sakit. Medika Alkhairaat: Jurnal Penelitian Kedokteran Dan Kesehatan, 7(01), 805–811. https://doi.org/10.31970/ma.v7i01.251
Wijaya, M. E., & Jayanti, R. D. (2025). Alternatif Penyelesaian Sengketa Medis Berdasarkan Konsep Restoratif Juctice Di Rumah Sakit. Restorative Justice: Jurnal Hukum Universitas Muhammadiyah Kalianda, 1(1), 7–17. https://doi.org/10.52655/4bscdm59
Windayani, T., & Adipradana, N. (2020). Restorative justice sebagai alternatif penyelesaian sengketa kelalaian medis. Jurnal Paradigma Hukum Pembangunan, 5(01), 20–39. https://doi.org/10.25170/paradigma.v5i01.1649
Yatindra, I. B. T., Kuntarjo, C., Ropii, I., & Putra, M. D. (2025). Ethical And Legal Responsibility Of Physicians For Medical Actions That Pose A Risk To Patients. International Seminar, 7, 150–159. https://doi.org/10.36563/fqveqf09
