Inovasi Formulasi Jamu Nanopartikel Daun Salam (Syzygium Polyanthum) Berbasis Plantcrystal Sebagai Kandidat Pendekatan Terhadap Kekakuan Arteri Pada Hipertensi

Abstract

Hypertension is associated with increased arterial stiffness and impaired vascular function. Bay leaf (Syzygium polyanthum) contains bioactive compounds that may support vascular function, but its delivery in conventional preparations remains limited. This study aimed to develop a PlantCrystal-based bay leaf nanoparticle herbal formulation and preliminarily evaluate its physicochemical characteristics, active compound release, and effects on mean arterial pressure (MAP) and pulse wave velocity (PWV) in a hypertensive rat model. An experimental study was conducted through the development of seven formulations, physicochemical characterization, LC-MS/MS analysis, in vitro release testing, and in vivo evaluation. The in vivo study used male Wistar rats [n = …/group], with hypertension induced using dexamethasone (0.03 mg/kgBW) and 5% NaCl administered intraperitoneally, together with monosodium glutamate (MSG) mixed in 5% NaCl solution as drinking water. The formulation designated PCXS 2 showed favorable physicochemical characteristics, with particle sizes of 48.32 nm at H1 and 43.24 nm at H30 and PDI values of 0.4087 and 0.47, respectively. Quercetin was tentatively identified by LC-MS/MS. Cumulative release of PCXS 2 reached 97.22% at 480 minutes, representing a 10.13% increase compared with bay leaf decoction, although this did not reach the predefined ≥20% target. In the in vivo study, PlantCrystal administration at 114 mg/kgBW was associated with reductions in MAP and PWV at T28, with MAP of 90.00 ± 5.16 mmHg and PWV of 390.00 ± 5.16 cm/s. One-way ANOVA showed significant differences in MAP and PWV between groups (p < 0.001). These findings provide preliminary evidence that the PlantCrystal-based bay leaf formulation may influence MAP and PWV in a hypertensive rat model. Further studies are required to confirm these effects and to determine the potential of this formulation for vascular function